Soal-soal Alat alat Optik

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Soal-soal Alat alat Optik

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Soal-soal Pernafasan

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Soal-soal Pernafasan

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Soal-soal Adaptasi

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Soal-soal Adaptasi

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Soal-soal Sistem Ekskresi

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Soal-soal Sistem Ekskresi

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Zoology Vertebrates Exam

<a href="http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/notes/452lecture-notes-summer2014.htm">http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/notes/452lecture-notes-summer2014.htm</a><br /> <br /> <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/notes/452lecture-notes-summer2014.htm">http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/notes/452lecture-notes-summer2014.htm</a>

Zoology Vertebrates Exam

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/notes/452lecture-notes-summer2014.htm http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/notes/452lectu...

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Materi Kuliah Zoologi Vertebrata

<a href="http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/neil.buckley/Vertebrate%20Zoology/LectureList.htm">http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/neil.buckley/Vertebrate%20Zoology/LectureList.htm</a>

Materi Kuliah Zoologi Vertebrata

http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/neil.buckley/Vertebrate%20Zoology/LectureList.htm

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MEKANISME EVOLUSI LENGKAP

<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>(Sumber:cpuik viril,  http://www.cpuik.com/2013/04/mekanisme-evolusi-lengkap.html)</i></span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><br /></i></span> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Mekanisme Evolusi Lengkap</b></span><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Evolusi merupakan perubahan makhluk hidup dalam jangka waktu yang lama dan berlangsung perlahan-lahan. Perubahan ini terjadi dalam satu populasi dan diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi.</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Dalam suatu lingkungan, sifat-sifat genetik menentukan keanekaragaman makhluk hidup, keanekaragaman ini meliputi struktur, tingkah laku, dan lain-lain. Jika terjadi perubahan materi genetik, maka terjadi perubahan sifat pada keturunanketurunannya. Hal ini menyebabkan munculnya spesies baru. Perubahan materi genetik ini disebut mutasi. Evolusi terjadi karena adanya mutasi dan seleksi alam.</span></span></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Mutasi Gen</b></span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mutasi gen adalah perubahan kimia gen (DNA) yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan sifat suatu organisme yang bersifat menurun. Mutasi dapat terjadi dengan adanya pengaruh luar dan tanpa pengaruh faktor luar. Mutasi yang terjadi tanpa pengaruh faktor luar mempunyai dua sifat, yaitu sangat jarang terjadi, dan umumnya tidak menguntungkan.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEsQFc5V2mdzAR9xMU_38cJVutm6-RmvUQQK_P7SoP7B5_OGl2tesQy6RzgkWE93wfg0ljBfXcUxKXn3bE5oenunN-H25xCdDJBPnMHdljYaBtNLLlczASPru-8iPfgCO_TxSTwn9CBE18/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; border: 0px; clear: left; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em 1em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="Mekanisme Evolusi" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEsQFc5V2mdzAR9xMU_38cJVutm6-RmvUQQK_P7SoP7B5_OGl2tesQy6RzgkWE93wfg0ljBfXcUxKXn3bE5oenunN-H25xCdDJBPnMHdljYaBtNLLlczASPru-8iPfgCO_TxSTwn9CBE18/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Mekanisme Evolusi Lengkap" /></span></span></a></div> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Umumnya, mutasi jarang terjadi dan tidak menguntungkan. Mutasi merupakan mekanisme evolusi yang penting dan dapat membentuk spesies baru. Untuk mengetahui hal ini, perlu angka laju mutasi, yaitu angka yang menunjukkan jumlah gen yang mutasi dari seluruh gamet yang dihasilkan oleh suatu individu dari suatu spesies.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Angka laju mutasi suatu spesies umumnya sangat rendah karena faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan mutasi tidak dapat diramalkan secara pasti. Angka laju mutasi berkisar antara satu gen di antara dua ribu sampai jutaan gamet, atau rata-rata 1 : 100.000, artinya dalam setiap 100.000 gamet terdapat satu gen yang mampu bermutasi. Jadi, angka laju mutasi sangat kecil, tetapi merupakan mekanisme yang penting, karena:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a) setiap gamet mengandung beribu-ribu gen;</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b) setiap individu menghasilkan ribuan sampai jutaan gamet dalam satu generasi; dan</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c) jumlah generasi suatu spesies selama spesies itu ada banyak sekali.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Angka laju mutasi yang menguntungkan lebih kecil dari pada angka laju mutasi yang merugikan, yaitu perbandingan antara 1 dan 1.000, artinya dari 1.000 mutasi yang terjadi, satu di antaranya mutasi yang menguntungkan. Walaupun mutasi yang menguntungkan ini kecil, karena jumlah generasi selama spesies itu ada sangat besar, maka jumlah mutasi yang menguntungkan besar pula. Hasilnya, seperti pada contoh soal berikut:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) angka laju mutasi per gen adalah 1 : 100.000</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) jumlah gen dalam individu yang mampu bermutasi adalah 1.000</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) perbandingan antara mutasi menguntungkan dengan mutasi yang terjadi adalah 1 : 1.000</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4) jumlah populasi spesies adalah 300.000.000</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5) jumlah generasi selama spesies itu ada adalah 6.000</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berapa hasil mutasi yang menguntungkan selama spesies itu ada?</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jawab:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Jumlah mutasi yang menguntungkan yang mungkin terjadi pada setiap individu: 1/100.000 × 1.000 × 1/1.000 =1/100.000.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Dalam setiap generasi akan terjadi mutasi gen yang menguntungkan 1/100.000 × 300.000.000 = 3.000.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) Selama spesies itu ada, yaitu 6.000 generasi, mutasi yang menguntungkan adalah 3.000 × 6.000 = 18.000.000.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi, jelas bahwa mutasi yang menguntungkan selama periode evolusi tertentu cukup besar. Sehingga, kemungkinan dihasilkannya spesies yang adaptif menjadi besar pula.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang termasuk mutasi yang menguntungkan adalah dihasilkannya spesies yang adaptif dan memiliki vitalitas dan viabilitas tinggi. Sedangkan, mutasi yang merugikan adalah dihasilkannya gen letal yang menimbulkan mutasi letal. Dihasilkan keturunan yang mempunyai viabilitas dan fertilitasnya rendah dan keturunan yang tidak adaptif.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gen-gen mutan yang merugikan, umumnya bersifat resesif sehingga peristiwa mutasi hanya </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;">akan tampak apabila dalam keadaan heterozigot. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa seleksi alam hanya bekerja terhadap individu homozigot.</span></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Frekuensi gen dan genotip di dalam populasi</b></span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Frekuensi gen adalah perbandingan antara gen atau genotip yang satu dengan gen atau genotip yang lain di dalam satu populasi. Misalnya, dalam suatu daerah terdapat populasi tanaman berbunga merah MM dan tanaman berbunga putih mm, yang sama-sama adaptif. Apabila diadakan persilangan, maka akan diperoleh tanaman dengan fenotip dan genotip tertentu.</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2q16f-JKxqOXw5yg3I7vh8P5u27CL4vRLNabHvZPR0sbDRHdmuyIqQiGV89PdK9MVBwbd0fIsyL_QyJq9AG8jorGNos0JGsyUkMljI2QR1QD_dNa-teGecVyRxGzaZDiZkmbPxPZBxlB9/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="Frekuensi gen dan genotip" border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2q16f-JKxqOXw5yg3I7vh8P5u27CL4vRLNabHvZPR0sbDRHdmuyIqQiGV89PdK9MVBwbd0fIsyL_QyJq9AG8jorGNos0JGsyUkMljI2QR1QD_dNa-teGecVyRxGzaZDiZkmbPxPZBxlB9/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Frekuensi gen dan genotip" width="400" /></span></a></div> </div> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan Diagram diatas, tampak jelas bahwa frekuensi gen pada F2 adalah:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 25% MM : 2(25% Mm) : 25% mm</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 25% MM : 50% Mm : 25% mm</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= ¼ MM : ½ Mm : ¼ mm</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka frekuensi kesetimbangan genotip F2 = hasil kali dari frekuensi gen dari masing-masing induknya, atau (M + m) (M + m) = M2 + 2 Mm + m2 atau MM+ 2 Mm + mm</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila dicari frekuensi gen sampai F3, maka akan diperoleh frekuensi perkawinan</span></div> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXY0WrCePZVrzOU0KclisRbeWbvRJzLri2LxNbEIkaIiJAZi62QU8Hjq-uJTz7AfNcLkJlZjVinOrRGK9RV1ylCyqpDb5vHLOCgWAzm6OnC1Fzdtz9QNq5dUf5L5P5ABG3x6mrCLWf-ka_/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="frekuensi perkawinan" border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXY0WrCePZVrzOU0KclisRbeWbvRJzLri2LxNbEIkaIiJAZi62QU8Hjq-uJTz7AfNcLkJlZjVinOrRGK9RV1ylCyqpDb5vHLOCgWAzm6OnC1Fzdtz9QNq5dUf5L5P5ABG3x6mrCLWf-ka_/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="frekuensi perkawinan" width="400" /></span></a></div> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagram di atas menunjukkan perbandingan kemungkinan terjadi perkawinan antara jantan dan betina di dalam  seluruh populasi F3.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila dalam populasi tersebut terjadi 32 perkawinan, maka:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a) perkawinan antara MM × MM = 32 × 1/16 = 2 perkawinan,</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b) perkawinan antara Mm × Mm = 32 × 4/16 = 8 perkawinan,</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c) perkawinan antara Mm x mm = 32 × 2/16 = 4 perkawinan.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila setiap perkawinan menghasilkan 10 individu, maka kita dapat membuat tabel hasil dari seluruh perkawinannya tersebut</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIpqMDLG_kx6kSwoeUPOi_6-w0GnSpZxeEhxdXTeZOzgiDXq6c_5Mn3D2UrPIvZOgRLXKsGCQNvSuD8VHn-xBWpSYlN1ydlcXwJD92ixEJvG0ViMLqa0eQ2Rkq5SbwlPFC3I0QXT4cpax5/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="perkawinan populasi" border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIpqMDLG_kx6kSwoeUPOi_6-w0GnSpZxeEhxdXTeZOzgiDXq6c_5Mn3D2UrPIvZOgRLXKsGCQNvSuD8VHn-xBWpSYlN1ydlcXwJD92ixEJvG0ViMLqa0eQ2Rkq5SbwlPFC3I0QXT4cpax5/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="perkawinan populasi" width="400" /></span></a></div> </div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan tabel tersebut tampak bahwa, kesetimbangan frekuensi genotip MM : Mm : mm pada generasi ketiga (F3) tetap seperti F2, yaitu MM : Mm : mm = 25 : 50 : 25 = ¼ : ½ : ¼.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Hukum Hardy-Weinberg</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Hukum Hardy-Weinberg menegaskan bahwa frekuensi alel dan genetik dalam suatu populasi (gene pool) selalu konstan dari generasi ke generasi dengan kondisi tertentu. Hal ini, dikemukakan oleh Godfrey Harold Hardy (ahli matematika dari Inggris) dan Wilhelm Weinberg (dokter dari Jerman). Kondisi yang dimaksud oleh Hukum Hardy-Weinberg adalah:</span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Ukuran populasi harus besar</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada populasi yang kecil, aliran genetik (genetic drift) merupakan kesempatan fluktuasi dalam gene pool dan dapat mengubah frekuensi alel. Jadi, ukuran populasi harus besar agar frekuensi alel dalam gene pool selalu konstan.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Ada isolasi dari populasi lain (tidak ada imigrasi dan emigrasi) Arus gen (gene flow) merupakan transfer alel antarpopulasi yang berhubungan dengan perpindahan individu atau gamet yang dapat merubah gene pool.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) Tidak terjadi mutasi</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perubahan satu alel menjadi alel lainnya, mengakibatkan mutasi, hal ini dapat mengubah gene pool.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4) Perkawinan acak (random)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika individu-individu memilih pasangannya dengan sifatsifat tertentu (yang diturunkan), maka pencampuran secara acak gamet-gamet seperti yang diharapkan pada keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg tidak dapat terjadi.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5) Tidak terjadi seleksi alam</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keberhasilan mempertahankan hidup dan reproduksi dapat mengubah gene pool karena mendukung adanya perpindahan beberapa alel dengan mengorbankan alel lainnya. Formulasi hukum Hardy-Weinberg dapat dijelaskan berikut ini.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada suatu lokus, gen hanya mempunyai dua alel dalam satu populasi. Apabila gen A = p, dan gen a = q, maka secara matematis menurut hukum Hardy - Weinberg hasil perkawinan Aa × Aa = F2 dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut:</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aa × Aa masing-masing membuat gamet ½ A dan ½ a,<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />akan menghasilkan frekuensi genotip anak sebagai berikut:</span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(1/2 A+1/2a)(1/2A+1/2a)=1/4AA+1/2Aa+1/4aa</b></span></div> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span> <br /> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> </div> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila A diganti p dan a diganti q, maka:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(½ A + ½ A) (½ A + ½ A)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= (½ p + ½ q) (½ p + ½ q)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= (¼ p2 + ½ pq + ¼ q2)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= p2 + 2pq + q2</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi, resiko genotip = p2 : pq : q2 = 1 : 2 : 1 karena A + a = 1,</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">maka p + q = 1, dan p2 + 1pq + q2 = 1.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagram persilangan dapat disusun sebagai berikut:</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd1J1mK9XYd-3XaKMYsXw2FQbB9bmnQmzIrC3OLPEM1uHw6VD6zRR1ZAWWV0BrzkwGeI67q9xTxnsCMmhvKGsr_6GlCDV5zRjchbXpGU7PEnkg1hAiPyHa4QKZBbELhxxKhOFk5nPKM3BE/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="homozigot dominan" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd1J1mK9XYd-3XaKMYsXw2FQbB9bmnQmzIrC3OLPEM1uHw6VD6zRR1ZAWWV0BrzkwGeI67q9xTxnsCMmhvKGsr_6GlCDV5zRjchbXpGU7PEnkg1hAiPyHa4QKZBbELhxxKhOFk5nPKM3BE/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="homozigot dominan" /></span></a></div> </div> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">p2 : tanaman homozigot dominan</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pq : tanaman heterozigot</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">q2 : tanaman homozigot resesif</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cara mencari frekuensi gen</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika dalam suatu populasi diketahui frekuensi genotipnya, maka frekuensi gennya dapat dicari. Contohnya, frekuensi genotip aa dalam suatu populasi 0,25. Tentukan frekuensi gen A : a serta frekuensi genotip AA, Aa, dan aa.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jawab:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="http://www.cpuik.com/2013/04/mekanisme-evolusi-lengkap.html" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="mencari frekuensi gen" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6jqH1JtMuFj9LpfSL9K9NRkHf1QxTpmVdieo-tQ5I8BKgIag1onTHCTLJuThKzF16D9w7IpYZAL0bWc3IvIWCdA_AeRzWFhlVUAUMGr2GNUkSjgzLMyfLaxD4LNCh7xfZ8XmEB11NDO2-/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="mencari frekuensi gen" /></span></a></div> </div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penerapan hukum Hardy-Weinberg untuk menghitung frekuensi gen dalam populasi sebagai berikut:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Dalam suatu populasi terdapat kelompok perasa pahit kertas PTC (phenil thiocarbamide) sebesar 64%, sedangkan yang lainnya bukan perasa PTC. Bukan perasa PTC dikendalikan oleh gen t dan perasa PTC dikendalikan oleh gen T. Tentukan frekuensi gen dan genotip populasi orang PTC dan non PTC </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jawab:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jumlah PTC dan non-PTC = 100%</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">orang PTC (genotip TT atau Tt) = 64%</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Frekuensi orang tidak perasa PTC (bergenotip tt = q2) =</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">100% – 64% = 36%</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">q2 = 36% = 0,36</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">maka frekuensi gen t = q = 0,36 = 0,6</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T + t = 1, maka</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">frekuensi T = 1 – 0,6 = 0,4</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">frekuensi T : t = 0,4 : 0,6</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">frekuensi gentotip TT : Tt : tt</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= (T + t) (T + t)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= (0,4 T + 0,6 t) (0,4 T + 0,6 t)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 0,16 TT + 2(0,24 Tt) + 0,36 tt</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 0,16 TT + 0,48 Tt + 0,36 tt</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi, frekuensi genotip TT : Tt : tt = 16 : 48 : 36 = 4 : 12 : 9</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Untuk mencari frekuensi gen, coba kamu cari dahulu frekuensi individu yang bergenotip homozigot resesif, sebab genotif dominan bisa bergenotip TT atau Tt.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Diketahui frekuensi orang albino pada suatu masyarakat adalah 25 di antara 10.000 orang. Berapa persentase orang pembawa sifat albino yang heterozigot?</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jawab:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Orang albino aa (q2)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">q2 = 25/10.000 = 0,0025</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">q = 0,0025</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 0,05</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">p + q = 1</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">p + 0,05 = 1 → p = 1 – 0,05 = 0,95</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Orang pembawa sifat albino dinotasikan dengan 2 pq</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 2(0,95 × 0,05)</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 0,0475</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">= 0,0475 × 100%</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">= 4,75%</span></span><br /> <span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/biologi-3-sma/evolusi-2-hukum-hardy%e2%80%93weinberg/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">Hukum Hardy-Weinberg</a> untuk mencari frekuensi gen dan frekuensi genotif. Yang ini uraikan contoh menyelesaikan soal Hukum Hardy-Weinberg untuk mencari frekuensi gen pada alela ganda (golongan darah).</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Ok. Yang pertama, pahami dulu rumusnya. Untuk alela ganda, ada sedikit perbedaan rumus yaitu dengan penambahan satu variabel lagi. Ini rumusnya:</div> <blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 1.5em 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">(p + q + r)<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = 1</span></strong></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">p<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> + 2pr + q<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> + 2qr + 2pq + r<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = 1</span></strong></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">dimana p + q + r = 1</span></strong></div> </blockquote> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Jika langsung dianalogikan dengan golongan darah ABO, maka rumusnya bisa dimodifikasi sebagai berikut:</div> <blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 1.5em 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">(A + B + O)<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = 1</strong></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">A<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> + 2AO + B<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> + 2BO + 2AB + O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = 1</strong></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">dimana A + B + O = 1</strong></span></div> </blockquote> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Keterangan:</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> A<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.25px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = AA = A homozigot</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> 2AO = A heterozigot</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> B<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.25px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = BB = B homozigot</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> 2BO = B heterozigot</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> 2AB = gol AB</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.25px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span> = OO = gol O</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Nah, lebih enakan gitu. Jadi nanti kalo ngitung tinggal masukan ke rumus tersebut.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Terus, misalnya saja contoh soalnya begini.</div> <blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 1.5em 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">LBB Superbodoh memiliki 2000 siswa dengan komposisi golongan darah sebagai berikut:</em></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">- golongan A = 800 siswa</em></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">- golongan B = 540 siswa</em></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">- golongan AB = 480 siswa</em></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">Pertanyaan:</em></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">a. Berapa frekuensi gen A, B, dan O?</em></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">b. Berapa jumlah siswa yang memiliki golongan darah B heterozigot?</em></div> </blockquote> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Pertama harus dicari dari golongan yang resesif dulu, yaitu golongan darah O. Pada contoh di atas jumlah golongan O tidak disebutkan, tetapi kamu bisa mencarinya kan? Jumlah total golongan darah A + B + AB = 1.820 siswa, jadi golongan O = 180</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Golongan O = I<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.25px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span>I<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.25px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span> = OO = O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.25px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span>.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/image13.png" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="82" src="http://biologimediacentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/image_thumb13.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: inline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="105" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Bila sudah ketemu frekuensi gen O, kamu bisa cari A atau B dulu. Terserah yang mana. Misalnya kita cari yang A dulu, maka tambahkan jumlah golongan A dengan golongan O. Jadinya begini:</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/image14.png" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="126" src="http://biologimediacentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/image_thumb14.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: inline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="125" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Nah, sudah ketemu A dan O. Sekarang untuk mencari B masukkan ke sini A + B + O = 1.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Jadi B = 1 – (A + O)</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> = 1 – 0,7</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> B = 0,3</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> Jadi jawaban pertanyaannya adalah:</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> a. Frekuensi gen A = 0,4   B = 0,3   dan O = 0,3</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> b. Jumlah siswa golongan A heterozigot = 2AO</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> A hetero = (2 . 0,4 . 0,3) x 2000</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> = 0,24 x 2000</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> A hetero = 480 siswa</div> <span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Perubahan Perbandingan Frekuensi Gen pada Populasi</b></span><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Saat ini, telah diketahui beberapa faktor penting yang menyebabkan perubahan keseimbangan genetik di dalam suatu populasi. Faktor-fakor tersebut, antara lain: mutasi, seleksi alam, emigrasi dan imigrasi, rekombinasi dan seleksi, dan genetic drift. Untuk lebih mengetahui, mari cermati uraian berikut ini.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Mutasi</i></b></span><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Apabila ada satu atau beberapa gen yang bermutasi, maka akan terjadi perubahan keseimbangan gen-gen dalam suatu populasi. Contoh:</span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gen b yang mempengaruhi rambut tikus berwarna putih adalah normal. Kemudian, bermutasi menjadi gen B yang menyebabkan rambut tikus berwarna kuning. Gen ini menyebabkan letal apabila dalam keadaan homozigot BB. Maka:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNWzJpRuAFLM4RYaNJM3ldERF5lRgZP07d8sSgrkdTObS0LGhS8sBPrK_iENs4896HMmBOvwZhmBVO2LBBP4lzahdYCTYIFyHdr3xlzsw7lI0ajQ4n8j8WTnMLzyQbEdi6zBi9u2_lsIql/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="mutasi gen" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNWzJpRuAFLM4RYaNJM3ldERF5lRgZP07d8sSgrkdTObS0LGhS8sBPrK_iENs4896HMmBOvwZhmBVO2LBBP4lzahdYCTYIFyHdr3xlzsw7lI0ajQ4n8j8WTnMLzyQbEdi6zBi9u2_lsIql/s1600/www.sibarasok.net.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="mutasi gen" /></span></a></div> </div> <span style="background-color: white;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Seleksi alam</span></i></b></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Di danau buatan di Amerika Serikat pernah ditemukan jenis katak berkaki banyak dan jenis katak normal. Katak yang berkaki banyak fertilitasnya rendah atau mandul dan bersifat resesif. Sedangkan, katak berkaki normal mempunyai fertilitas normal dan bersifat dominan. Karena katak berkaki banyak bersifat mandul, maka katak ini dapat dihasilkan dari perkawinan antara katak berkaki normal heterozigot. Jadi, apabila katak berkaki normal heterozigot (Nn) dikawinkan dengan yang berkaki normal Nn, maka akan dihasilkan rasio keturunannya, sebagai berikut:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">P Nn >< Nn</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">F NN : (Nn + Nn) : nn</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">25% : 50% : 25%</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Katak yang bergenotif nn adalah mandul sehingga yang mampu menghasilkan keturunan yang bergenotif NN dan Nn,  atau 75% dari seluruh populasi.</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Emigrasi dan imigrasi</b></i><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Spesies yang menghuni daerah terpisah oleh geografis tertentu, misalnya lautan. Keadaan ini tidak memungkinkan terjadinya perpindahan secara normal dari satu daerah ke daerah yang lain.</span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagai contoh, spesies Xylocopa nobilis (kumbang kayu) yang dapat ditemukan di berbagai daerah di Pulau Sulawesi dan sekitarnya. Kumbang-kumbang tersebut menunjukkan perbedaan genetik.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Rekombinasi dan seleksi</span></span></i></b></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rekombinasi gen merupakan mekanisme penting untuk terjadinya evolusi. Rekombinasi genetik berlangsung melalui perkembangan generatif. Sehingga, reproduksi seksual merupakan faktor penting dalam proses evolusi.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seleksi adalah usaha manusia memilih jenis hewan atau tumbuhan sesuai dengan keinginannya. Umumnya yang diseleksi atau dipilih adalah jenis yang bersifat unggul. Rekombinasi gen-gen yang terjadi, karena perkawinan silang merupakan suatu bahan mentah evolusi. Berdasarkan rekombinasi ini dimungkinkan terbentuknya varietas baru.</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Timbulnya Spesies Baru</b></span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Setiap populasi terdiri atas kumpulan individu sejenis dan menempati suatu lokasi yang sama. Suatu individu dapat disebut anggota populasi apabila individu tersebut satu spesies dengan individu lainnya. Individu berbeda masih dapat disebut satu spesies apabila variasi-variasi yang ada tidak menjadi penghalang terjadinya pertukaran gen. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pertukaran gen ini dapat terjadi melalui proses interhibridasi (persilangan). Jadi, perbedaam morfologi, fisiologi maupun tingkah laku tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai alasan untuk memisahkan dua populasi menjadi dua spesies yang berbeda. Terbentuknya spesies baru ini terjadi karena adanya isolasi geografi, isolasi reproduksi, domestikasi dan poliploidi. Untuk mengetahui proses terbentuknya spesies baru, mari cermati uraian berikut ini.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Isolasi geografi</b></span></i></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila beberapa varietas baru hasil dari suatu rekombinasi faktor genetik dan spesies tertentu menghuni tempat yang berlainan, maka mereka akan mengalami Keadaan alam yang terpisah ini menghalangi terjadinya hubungan reproduksi. Hambatan (barrier) seperti ini disebut isolasi geografi.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi geografi disebabkan oleh kondisi alam, seperti laut, gunung, dan gurun pasir. Isolasi geografi dapat memungkinkan terjadinya pemisahan dua populasi (alapatrih). Dua populasi ini dapat terbentuk karena masing-masing populasi terpengaruh akumulasi faktor ekstrinsik yang menyebabkan terjadi isolasi faktor-faktor intrinsik. Hal ini dapat memungkinkan terjadinya isolasi reproduksi.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Isolasi reproduksi</b></span></i></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi reproduksi merupakan hambatan terjadinya perkawinan silang antara dua spesies simpatrik. Spesies simpatrik adalah dua spesies berbeda yang tinggal atau menghuni daerah yang sama. Isolasi reproduksi dapat terjadi melalui isolasi intrinsik. Mekanisme isolasi intrinsik dapat di bagi menjadi tiga macam, yaitu:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Mekanisme yang mencegah terjadinya perkawinan sehingga mencegah terjadinya fertilisasi. Isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi karena isolasi intrinsik, antara lain:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a) isolasi ekogeografi</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b) isolasi habitat</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c) isolasi iklim atau musim</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d) isolasi perilaku</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">e) isolasi mekanik</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Mekanisme yang mencegah terjadinya hibrida. Mekanisme ini beroperasi dengan mencegah terbentuknya hibrida. Isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi karena isolasi intrinsik, antara lain:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a) isolasi gamet</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b) isolasi perkembangan</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c) ketidakmampuan hidup suatu hibrida</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) Mekanisme yang mencegah kelangsungan hidup hibrida.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi, antara lain:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a) kemandulan hibrida</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b) eliminasi hibrida yang selektif</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Untuk lebih memahami mekanisme intrinsik, mari cermati uraian berikut ini.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Isolasi ekogeografi</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bila dua populasi terpisah oleh hambatan fisik sehingga sulit untuk berhubungan, maka masing-masing populasi akan berkembang menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya. Pada suatu ketika keturunannya akan berbeda, sebab masing-masing telah mengalami perubahan genetik karena pengaruh lingkungan. Bila suatu ketika dua populasi tersebut berada pada satu lingkungan, tidak akan mampu mengadakan hibridisasi, karena masing-masing tidak mampu menyesuaikan diri pada lingkungan yang baru.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contohnya, tanaman Platanus occidentalis dan Platanus orientalis. Kedua populasi tidak dapat mengadakan penyerbukan secara alami, apabila dilakukan penyerbukan buatan dan menghasilkan keturunan ternyata fertil.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Isolasi Habitat</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi habitat, yaitu isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi akibat dua populasi simpatrik memiliki habitat berbeda. Contohnya, katak jenis Bufo fowleri habitatnya di air tenang dan Bufo americanus habitatnya di kubangan-kubangan air hujan.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila dua populasi tempat tinggalnya dicampur, masing-masing jenis akan lebih banyak kawin dengan sesama jenisnya dibanding perkawinan lain jenis. Apabila terjadi perkawinan lain jenis, ternyata keturunan yang dihasilkannya steril.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) Isolasi iklim atau musim</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi iklim, yaitu isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi apabila dua spesies simpatrik memiliki masa pemasakan kelamin pada musim yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh, Pinus radiata dan Pinus muricata yang banyak hidup di beberapa daerah di Amerika Serikat sebagai populasi simpatrik secara alami tidak pernah melakukan hibridisasi. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada populasi simpatrik katak jenis Rana. Walaupun hidup pada daerah yang sama, tetapi tidak terjadi perkawinan atau hibridisasi lain spesies.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4) Isolasi perilaku</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi perilaku, yaitu isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi apabila dua spesies simpatrik mempunyai pola tingkah laku kawin berbeda. Contohnya, perilaku kawin pada beberapa jenis ikan.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ikan X1 : membuat sarang yang digantungkan pada tumbuhan lain. Sarangnya memiliki dua lubang, untuk masuk dan untuk keluar. Agar yang betina masuk ke dalam sarang, si jantan menari-nari dengan gerakan zig zag di depan si betina. Dengan sedikit dorongan, si betina masuk ke dalam sarang.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ikan X2 : membuat sarang pada dasar perairan dan hanya memiliki satu lubang pintu. Agar si betina mau masuk ke dalam sarang, si jantan melakukan gerakan perkawinan di muka sarang, selanjutnya memaksa si betina untuk masuk ke dalam sarang. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perbedaan perilaku kawin pada hewan dapat bersifat visual, artinya dapat dipertunjukkan dan dapat bersifat auditif atau berupa perbedaan suara. Bentuk perilaku kawin pada berbagai jenis hewan memiliki kekhasan sendiri-sendiri. Pada berbagai jenis, si jantan menarik pasangan dengan warna bulunya, suaranya, dan gerakannya. Untuk mencegah terjadinya keliru pasangan, pada itik jantan memiliki warna tertentu yang mencolok.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk perilaku hewan yang bersifat visual lainnya adalah berupa gerak. Bentuk ini dijumpai pada burung, kepiting, serangga, dan lain-lain. Kepiting jantan pada masa kawin menaikkan apit besarnya tinggi-tinggi dan mengangkat badannya sambil berjalan mengelilingi lubang tempat betina.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cara mengangkat kaki, badan serta gerakan kepiting jantan berbeda-beda. Adanya perilaku yang khas, badan serta gerakan kepiting jantan berbeda-beda. Adanya perilaku yang khas ini agar hewan betina tidak salah memilih pasangan kawinnya. Pada jangkrik, hewan jantan menggunakan suara yang berbeda-beda. Hanya hewan betina pasangannya yang sangat mengenal suara hewan jantan pasangannya.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5) Isolasi mekanik</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi mekanik, yaitu isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi apabila dua populasi simpatrik mempunyai bentuk morfologi alat reproduksi yang berbeda. Jadi, isolasi mekanik menyangkut struktur yang menyangkut peristiwa perkawinan. Isolasi mekanik pada hewan dapat terjadi, antara lain hewan jenis jantan berukuran jauh lebih besar dari betinanya. Selain itu, struktur alat kelamin jantan tidak sesuai dengan struktur alat kelamin betinanya. Dalam beberapa jenis hewan berlaku apa yang disebut sebagai "kunci dan gembok" (Lock and Key).</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada hewan Myriapoda genus Brochoria, jenis jantannya memiliki bentuk alat kelamin yang bervariasi. Sedangkan, betinanya mempunyai bentuk yang serupa. Pada tumbuhan, isolasi mekanik ini pengaruhnya lebih nyata dibanding dengan hewan, terutama yang berkaitan dengan penyebar serbuk sari. Ada kekhususan bentuk bunga dalam hubungannya dengan hewan penyebar serbuk sari.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6) Isolasi gamet</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi gamet, yaitu isolasi reproduksi yang terjadi apabila dua spesies simpatrik tidak dapat melakukan fertilisasi. Hal ini terjadi karena sel gamet jantan tidak mempunyai kemampuan hidup pada saluran kelamin betinanya.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagai contoh, pada tanaman tembakau inti serbuk yang jatuh di kepala putik tidak dapat mencapai inti sel telur pada kandung lembaga atau ovula. Akibatnya, tidak terjadi fertilisasi. Pada percobaan inseminasi buatan menggunakan objek lalat buah, Drosophilavirilis, Drosophila americana dan Drosophila spesies lain, mekanisme isolasi gametnya bervariasi.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bila spermatozoid Drosophila virilis diinseminasikan ke saluran telur Drosophila americana, ternyata dalam saluran sel telurnya terbentuk cairan penghambat sehingga spermatozoid tidak dapat bergerak. Pada percobaan lain terjadi mekanisme yang berbeda. Saat spermatozoid masuk ke saluran reproduksi saluran tersebut membengkak sehingga spermatozoid mati.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7) Isolasi perkembangan</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolasi perkembangan, yaitu isolasi yang terjadi karena embrio hasil fertilisasi dua spesies simpatrik tidak dapat tumbuh dan segera mati. Isolasi seperti ini banyak dijumpai pada berbagai jenis ikan dan katak.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8) Ketidakmampuan hidup suatu hibrida</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Beberapa jenis populasi simpatrik dapat melakukan perkawinan. Pembuahan maupun pembentukan embrio dapat berlangsung, tetapi hibridanya lemah, cacat atau mati sebelum mampu melakukan reproduksi. Dengan demikian, walaupun berlangsung perkawinan antara dua populasi simpatrik, tetapi tidak terjadi pertukaran gen. Peristiwa ini dijumpai pada tanaman tembakau. Isolasi seperti ini sering disebut terbentuknya bastar (hibrida) mati bujang.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">9) Kemandulan hibrida</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keledai dengan kuda, atau kambing dengan biri-biri dapat dikawinkan dan dapat menghasilkan keturunan. Hibrida yang dihasilkan dapat hidup baik dan normal, tetapi tetap steril atau mandul. Dengan demikian, dua populasi simpatrik tersebut tidak terjadi pertukaran gen.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">10) Eliminasi hibrida karena seleksi</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bisa terjadi dua populasi simpatrik melakukan perkawinan, dapat terjadi pembuahan, terbentuk embrio bahkan mampu menghasilkan hibrida yang fertil. Populasi hibrida karena salah pasangan ini, biasanya jauh lebih sedikit daripada hasil perkawinan populasi spesies. Akibatnya semua hibrida dapat terdesak sehingga lambat laun mengalami eliminasi (punah). Dengan demikian, lingkungan akan melakukan koreksi terhadap kekeliruan perkawinan tersebut.</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Domestikasi</i></b></span></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Domestikasi adalah usaha manusia untuk menjadikan hewan ternak dari hewan liar dan tanaman budi daya dari tumbuhan liar. Pada dasarnya, tindakan ini adalah memindahkan makhluk hidup dari lingkungan aslinya ke lingkungan yang diciptakan manusia. Tindakan ini dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya jenis-jenis hewan dan tumbuhan yang menyimpang dari aslinya yang mengarah terbentuknya spesies baru. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagai contoh, kebiasaan seseorang untuk menyilangkan dua varietas tanaman atau hewan sejenis. Melalui tindakan penyilangan tersebut, pada zaman Darwin di Inggris pernah ditemukan 150 varietas merpati. Dari varietas tersebut ditemukan varietas yang mempunyai penampakan sangat berbeda, seolah-olah spesies lain. Ada burung dara yang kepalanya bermahkota, ada yang tidak. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada burung dara yang memiliki ekor mirip kipas dengan jumlah bulu ekor mencapai 40, sedangkan umumnya jumlah bulu ekor burung dara adalah 12. Adanya domestikasi menyebabkan terjadinya variasi yang mengarah terbentuknya spesies baru, misalnya pada anjing.</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Terbentuknya spesies baru karena adanya poliploid</i></span></b></span><br /> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada tumbuhan, kadang meiosis berlangsung dalam keadaan tidak wajar. Misalnya, terjadi nondisjungsi atau gagal berpisah, terjadi pada anafase sehingga gamet yang dihasilkan membuahi atau dibuahi oleh sel gamet yang normal (haploid), akan menjadi keturunan yang triploid. Apabila keturunan semacam ini fertil dan dapat melakukan perkawinan dengan hibrida sesama tetraploid, maka tidak menutup kemungkinan dihasilkannya turunan yang poliploid. Dengan demikian, terbentuknya hibrida poliploid dapat terjadi karena dua hal, yaitu:</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a) Autopoliploidi, yaitu peristiwa menggandakan kromosom tanpa diikuti pemisahan kromosom. Gagalnya pemisahan kromosom ini, antara lain disebabkan tidak terbentuknya benang spindel pada fase anafase. Akibat, tidak terbentuknya benang spindel, maka kromatid mengalami peristiwa gagal berpisah (nondisjunction).</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selain nondisjunction, autopoliploidi juga dapat terjadi karena adanya peristiwa penggandaan (doubling) dari kromosom. Peristiwa autopoliploidi ini ditemukan pada tanaman bunga Oenothera lamarchious. Individu normal memiliki 14 kromosom akibat autopoliploidi dihasilkan Oenothera gigas yang memiliki 28 kromosom. Jenis tumbuhan tersebut apabila mengadakan persilangan akan menghasilkan keturunan yang tetap steril. Jadi, keduanya merupakan spesies yang berbeda.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b) Allopoliploidi, yaitu terbentuknya poliploid dari persilangan dua individu yang jumlah sel kromosomnya berbeda. Apabila kromosomnya membentuk sinapsis, maka akan steril. Tetapi, apabila kromosomnya berpasangan, maka akan mampu berkembang biak atau fertil. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Biasanya, individu triploid (3n) tidak dapat melakukan interhibridisasi dengan kedua induknya sehingga dianggap sebagai spesies baru. Umumnya, keturunan yang terbentuk karena allopoliploidi lebih adaptif, lebih besar, dan lebih kuat. Apabila kondisi lingkungan tidak menguntungkan, maka yang akan terkena pengaruh adalah spesies diploidnya.</span></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daftar Istilah</span></u></b></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cpuik.com/2013/04/mekanisme-evolusi-lengkap.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Evolusi</a> = suatu teori yang menjelaskan bahwa makhluk terbentuk secara tiba-tiba dari benda mati.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evolusi Biokimia = suatu teori yang menjelaskan perubahan-perubahan secara perlahan-lahan tentang terbentuknya bahan-bahan organik dari bahan-bahan anorganik.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evolusi Biologis = suatu teori yang menjelaskan perubahan makhluk hidup dari tingkat rendah ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi secara perlahan-lahan selama jutaan tahunan.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fosil = sisa-sisa makhluk hidup yang berusia ribuan, bahkan jutaan tahun yang telah membatu. Fosil dapat berupa batu, dapat berupa tubuh yang diawetkan secara alami.</span></div>

MEKANISME EVOLUSI LENGKAP

(Sumber:cpuik viril,  http://www.cpuik.com/2013/04/mekanisme-evolusi-lengkap.html) Mekanisme Evolusi Lengkap Evolusi merupakan perubaha...

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